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What Matters in Leadership Development?
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The leadership development industry has endured the recession. Organizations are reporting a surge in spending to develop leaders. On average, companies increased their budgets by 14% in 2012 alone. According to some estimates, U.S. based companies have spent $13.6 billion on leadership development.[4] However, surveys of C-suite leaders show serious concerns emerging from insufficient leadership capability in their organizations. Lack of leadership talent frequently features among the top 10 CEO concerns jeopardizing future growth. With such significant investments at stake, it is no surprise that decision makers are scrutinizing the effectiveness of their company’s effort in this direction.
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"U.S. based companies have spent $13.6 billion on leadership development in 2012." |
1. Are we growing charismatic leaders who can shape the future of our business?Charismatic leadership, a form of transformational leadership, has emerged among the more effective styles of leading. In fact, people across various cultures associate it with good leadership. However, many believe that leaders who are charismatic are born with this exceptional talent. Ground breaking research in the last decade by Dr. John Antonakis and his colleagues have demonstrated that charismatic leadership can in fact be taught and developed over time.[1] According to these researchers, a leader who previously did not display charisma can be taught to do so through extensive feedback on their styles and teaching them the strategies used by a charismatic leader. More importantly, leaders who set explicit development goals to improve their charisma, and provided opportunities to practice show greater improvements. In their studies, leaders trained under these conditions were consistently rated as having higher leader charisma. The advantage charismatic leader have compared to others, is their ability to create a sense of purpose and influence others to work toward common goals. Martin Luther king and Steve Jobs are examples of charismatic leaders. |
A leader who previously did not display charisma can be taught to do so through extensive feedback on their style |
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What is more predictive of leadership success is meta-cognitive thinking. This is the ability to monitor, evaluate and self-regulate one’s thinking, feelings, and actions. Focusing on meta-cognitive thinking has many benefits. It addresses a leader's self-awareness about their feelings, emotions, and ways of thinking. Most importantly, leaders who are self-aware understand how their emotions impact their decisions. Studies show that meta-cognitive thinking can explain between 6 to 22 percent variance in leadership effectiveness.[13] We hope this information doesn’t leave you emotionally attached to certain tests.
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Feedback works when it is task specific and clearly demonstrates the gap between the standard and the performance. |
3. Does more feedback result in better employee outcomes?In the past decade, there has been widespread adoption of 360 tools for development and performance management. Conventional wisdom suggests that any leadership development activity is seen as incomplete without a feedback loop. Additionally, any increase in the amount of feedback is always preferable. However, a review of the published research found that feedback can backfire.[12] After reviewing a large number of studies on feedback efficacy, researchers Kluger and Denisi found that over a third of the time feedback interventions resulted in decreased performance! That’s right – a negative return on investment!
It turns out that feedback works when it is task specific and clearly demonstrates the gap between the standard and the employee’s performance. Feedback becomes debilitating when it is directed interpersonally and affects the employee's self-esteem. In light of this evidence, the quality of the feedback far outweighs the quantity. |
What to look for |
What to avoid |
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Popular ideas and assessments with weak or questionable evidence such as: • Emotional intelligence • Learning agility • Type based personality indicators (e.g. MBTI, color code, DISC) • Neuroleadership and related models |
Individual attribute |
Link to effectiveness |
Transformational leadership |
Defined as a leader’s competency to develop a compelling vision, link followers’ sense of self to this vision, challenge followers to take ownership of their work and be an inspiring role model. Here's a list showing the strength of efficacy between transformational leadership and important leadership outcomes. Overall leadership effectiveness = .44[11] Leader job performance = .26 Organizational performance = .27 |
Personality |
The "Big Five" personality traits account for about 15% of leader effectiveness. [9] Personality as defined by psychologists refers to stable patterns of behavior that rarely undergo dramatic changes over one’s life time. Conscientiousness =.16 Openness to experience =.24 Emotional stability =.22/ Neuroticism = -.24 |
Instrumental leadership |
Task-oriented leader behaviors (i.e. Job related technical/professional) are positively related to overall leader effectiveness and account for 33.3% of variance.[3] |
Meta cognitive ability |
Defined as ability to “think about thinking”, is directly linked to leader effectiveness and found to explain 6 to 22% of variance.[13] |
Cognitive ability |
Cognitive ability is also referred to as general intelligence. Measures of this ability consistently predict leader effectiveness. Based on meta-analytic studies the strength of the correlation is roughly around .24.[10] |
Proactive personality |
Leaders with a proactive personality tend to be self-driving. They take upon themselves the responsibility to find and solve problems. In recent studies, such leaders have been found to be significantly more effective (average correlation of .33) in reaching unit performance targets.[6] |
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References
About Human Capital Growth
Human Capital Growth (HCG) provides consulting and technology-enabled products and services in evidence-based talent management. It has bases in the US and India, and operates globally through its partnership with the Global Alliance for Performance Improvement (GAPIconsult.com). Clients include Fortune 500 organizations, small and medium size organizations and not-for profit institutions. HCG has recently brought to market a first of its kind innovation - a multi-level courseware and certification on integrated talent management delivered through a cutting edge learning platform. For more information visit www.humancapitalgrowth.com. Evidence-Based Perspective: What Matters in Leadership Development ™ Human Capital Growth’s Evidence-Based Perspective: What Matters in Leadership Development™ series distills the most impactful drivers of talent management practices, packages them for ready use and makes then available as courses, tools, webinars and podcasts. All resources can be accessed through our cloud-based social learning platform and includes mentor support. Our content experts, guided by their cross industry experience, have reviewed several hundred peer reviewed journals articles, top university research, and expert opinions, to bring to you a shortlist of what works in talent management. Talent management professionals can benefit from having access to the right tools and resources for all their client needs, and have the peace of mind knowing that relying on Evidence-Based Perspective: What Matters in Leadership Development™ solutions delivers results. Graphic Design: Matthew Daly. | Image courtesy of Pixabay, stockimages and Ambro at FreeDigitalPhotos.net and pixabay.com.
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Five Questions Every Organization must ask.pdf | |
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